Branches Tags. Could not load branches. Could not load tags. Latest commit. Fix title case. Git stats 1, commits. Failed to load latest commit information. Drop fapws3 and Python 3. Dec 31, Jul 7, Jun 16, Feb 7, May 12, Download the file for your platform. If you're not sure which to choose, learn more about installing packages.
Warning Some features may not work without JavaScript. Please try enabling it if you encounter problems. Jun 5, May 13, May 12, Aug 26, Jul 29, Jul 15, May 20, Apr 26, Oct 22, Oct 2, Oct 1, Sep 30, Sep 24, Sep 16, Aug 21, Jul 30, Jul 26, Jul 25, Jul 18, Jul 14, Jul 13, Apart from that, an error-handler is quite similar to a regular request callback. You can read from request , write to response and return any supported data-type except for HTTPError instances.
Error handlers are used only if your application returns or raises an HTTPError exception abort does just that. Changing Request. In pure WSGI, the range of types you may return from your application is very limited. Applications must return an iterable yielding byte strings. You may return a string because strings are iterable but this causes most servers to transmit your content char by char. Unicode strings are not allowed at all. This is not very practical. Bottle is much more flexible and supports a wide range of types.
What follows is a list of data types you may return from your application callbacks and a short description of how these are handled by the framework:. The ordering of this list is significant. You may for example return a subclass of str with a read method. It is still treated as a string instead of a file, because strings are handled first. Bottle uses the charset parameter of the Content-Type header to decide how to encode unicode strings. The Response object is described in the section The Response Object.
In some rare cases the Python encoding names differ from the names supported by the HTTP specification. Then, you have to do both: first set the Response. It automatically guesses a mime-type, adds a Last-Modified header, restricts paths to a root directory for security reasons and generates appropriate error responses on permission errors, on missing files. You can pass a custom MIME type to disable guessing. Most browsers try to open downloaded files if the MIME type is known and assigned to an application e.
PDF files. If this is not what you want, you can force a download dialog and even suggest a filename to the user:. If the download parameter is just True , the original filename is used. The abort function is a shortcut for generating HTTP error pages. You can turn off this behavior to handle exceptions in your middleware by setting bottle. Response metadata such as the HTTP status code, response headers and cookies are stored in an object called response up to the point where they are transmitted to the browser.
You can manipulate these metadata directly or use the predefined helper methods to do so. The full API and feature list is described in the API section see Response , but the most common use cases and features are covered here, too. Any integer is allowed, but codes other than the ones defined by the HTTP specification will only confuse the browser and break standards. Response headers such as Cache-Control or Location are defined via Response.
This method takes two parameters, a header name and a value. The name part is case-insensitive:. Most headers are unique, meaning that only one header per name is send to the client. Some special headers however are allowed to appear more than once in a response. To add an additional header, use Response. Please note that this is just an example. If you want to work with cookies, read ahead. You can access previously defined cookies via Request.
The Response. Some of the most common settings are described here:. There are some other gotchas you should consider when using cookies:. As mentioned above, cookies are easily forged by malicious clients. Bottle can cryptographically sign your cookies to prevent this kind of manipulation. All you have to do is to provide a signature key via the secret keyword argument whenever you read or set a cookie and keep that key a secret. As a result, Request.
In addition, Bottle automatically pickles and unpickles any data stored to signed cookies. This allows you to store any pickle-able object not only strings to cookies, as long as the pickled data does not exceed the 4 KB limit. Signed cookies are not encrypted the client can still see the content and not copy-protected the client can restore an old cookie.
The main intention is to make pickling and unpickling safe and prevent manipulation, not to store secret information at client side. This special object always refers to the current request, even in multi-threaded environments where multiple client connections are handled at the same time:. We only cover the most commonly used features here, but it should be enough to get started. Bottle uses a special type of dictionary to store form data and cookies. FormsDict behaves like a normal dictionary, but has some additional features to make your life easier.
Attribute access : All values in the dictionary are also accessible as attributes. These virtual attributes return unicode strings, even if the value is missing or unicode decoding fails.
In that case, the string is empty, but still present:. Multiple values per key: FormsDict is a subclass of MultiDict and can store more than one value per key. The standard dictionary access methods will only return a single value, but the getall method returns a possibly empty list of all values for a specific key:.
WTForms support: Some libraries e. WTForms want all-unicode dictionaries as input. It decodes all values and returns a copy of itself, while preserving multiple values per key and all the other features. In Python 2 all keys and values are byte-strings.
If you need unicode, you can call FormsDict. Both methods try to decode the string default: utf8 and return an empty string if that fails. No need to catch UnicodeError :.
The server has to decode the byte strings somehow before they are passed to the application. To be on the safe side, WSGI suggests ISO aka latin1 , a reversible single-byte codec that can be re-encoded with a different encoding later. Bottle does that for FormsDict.
These return the unchanged values as provided by the server implementation, which is probably not what you want.
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